Drug Assessment for Hypertension Treatment - 1466 Words

Introduction Hypertension is one of the most important health issue. It is one of the leading cause for heart disease, stroke and kidney disease. (Gay Ndefo 2008). Anti-hypertensive drugs include several classes of medications which are used to control blood pressure in hypertensive patients. ÃŽ ²-blockers are one of these classes which are widely prescribed worldwide. Because of the tolerability issue, the uses of ÃŽ ²-blockers have been limited and are no longer considered as a first-line treatment for hypertension. Nebivolol , a new ÃŽ ²-blocker, possesses different pharmacological properties from traditional ÃŽ ²-blockers. Due to its superior anti-hypertensive efficacy and excellent safety profile, Nebivolol may be used as a first-line†¦show more content†¦The second mechanism involves the production of Nitric Oxide via L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway which is responsible for its vasodilatory activity (Cheng 2009 and Moen and Wagstaff 2006). This dual action belongs to the fact that its racemic mixture consists of l and d isomers. The vasodilating effect belongs to the l- isomer and the latter possesses ÃŽ ²1-blocking activity (Gray Ndefo 2008 and Moen Wagstaff 2006).The efficacy of Nebivolol as anti-hypertensive drug was evaluated by Van Borteletal. inGray Ndefo( 2008) who compared the anti-hypertensive effect of Nebivolol in a d ose of 5mg/day with placebo. After a period of 4 weeks, there was a reduction in blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg in 65% of patients treated with Nebivolol compared to 25% with placebo.The ability of Nebivolol to increase Nitric Oxide bioavailablity has an obvious impact ton reducing systemic vascular resistance which leads to a further decrease in blood pressure and it will also reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases caused by endothelial dysfunction which is a common disorder in patients with hypertension and diabetes and usually results from a decrease in nitric oxide bioavailability (Moen wagstaff, 2006).The ability of Nebivolol to inhibit platelet aggregation has been showed by Munzel Gori(2009) who claimed that NebivololShow MoreRelatedHypertension And High Blood Pressure1703 Words   |  7 PagesHypertension Hypertension is referred to as high blood pressure. Hypertension is frequently asymptomatic in the early stages, and the initial signs are often vague and nonspecific. They include fatigue, malaise, and sometimes morning headache. Consistently elevated blood pressure under various conditions is the key sign of hypertension. Because of the insidious onset and mild signs, hypertension is often undiagnosed until complications arise and has been called the â€Å"silent killer.† The complicationsRead MoreSchema of The Process of Studies1133 Words   |  4 Pagessearch recognized 55 articles. We excluded six studies that were about gestational hypertension; eight that defined awareness as† knowledge of the effects of hypertension† rather than† awareness of hypertensive status†; fifteen review papers and guidelines and five studies did not met the criteria. Ultimately 21 studies were included in the systemaic review of the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Egypt. Figure (2) shows governorates in Egypt represented in the included studiesRead MorePregnancy Complications: Gestational Hypertension Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pages The existence of hypertension may occur before being pregnant but eventually it develops to a pregnancy complication in the long run during pregnancy known as gestational hypertension (GH). The main goal of all health care providers and the whole medical team is to aim to have a pregnant woman deliver a healthy baby without any complications. Unfortunately pregnancy complications may still occur during any period of pregnancy such as antepartum period, intrapartum period, postpartum periodRead MoreHypertension Risk And Management Guidelines Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HYPERTENSION RISK AND MANAGEMENT 1 HYPERTENSION RISK AND MANAGEMENT 2 Hypertension Risk and Management Isatu Mansaray-Colbert Indiana State University Introduction Hypertension is an acute and life-threatening condition that requires prompt treatment and is highly evaluate in urgency (Neutel Campbell, 2009). Hypertension is a condition that increases the risks of stroke and heart disease. Approximately 40% of the US population had hypertensive diseaseRead MoreHealth Assessment: Case Study of a Teen Client with Juvenile Hypertension1550 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Assessment Teen Client with Juvenile Hypertension BIOGRAPHICAL DATA: Date of Visit: Monday, 12/10/2012, 11:30am Name: Franklin G. Salinas Race/Gender Biracial (Hispanic and African-American) / Male Age: 15 DOB: April 2, 1997 Height: 5ft. 6 in. Weight: 73 kg. Address: 3822 Stony Island Avenue Unit #3 Chicago, IL 60618 Phone: (773) 978-1729 Attending Physician: Dr. C. Hines and Dr. N. McCullough Chief complaint: Blurring of vision Clinical Diagnosis: Primary Juvenile Hypertension Read MoreThe Management Of Co Morbidities : America Is An Escalating Dilemma For Advance Practice Nurses1294 Words   |  6 Pagespractice will focus on ongoing management and care of diverse populations that present to the APNs practice with hypertension and other co-morbidities which must be treated suitably with the best evidenced based approach and current guidelines aimed at promotion, maintenance and advancement of patient’s health, prevention or reduction in progression of maladies burden and cost. Hypertension and co-morbidities such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and Hyperlipidemia are health problems frequently seenRead MoreThe Effects Of Slight Obesity On Diabetes919 Words   |  4 PagesThe results from the examination reveal slight obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, liver disease, kidney disease, and cholesterol. The problem of slight obesity can be managed with a weight loss program. Marianna has a BMI of 32 based on weight of 90kg with a height of 5†6. To this end, It is necessary to use a nutritionist, support programs, and set weight goals. She needs to have a follow up program to monitor her health care status with the weight loss. For her blood pressureRead MoreHypertension And Health Complications, Prevention, Treatment Options, And Effects1176 Words   |  5 PagesThis powerful disease known as Hypertension runs through many in my family. That is including my mothers and fathers side. My grandmother on my mothers side, whom is now living with us, struggles with hypertension on a daily basis. This research paper will further explain this disease, the cause(s), health complications, prevention, treatment options, diet’s role, and effect(s) of physical exercise. Hypertension is a another way of saying High Blood Pressure (HBP). Markus MacGill author of an articleRead MoreMultiple Forms Of Stroke : Ischemic Strokes, Hemorrhagic Strokes And Ischemic Attacks1338 Words   |  6 Pagestoday. There are three forms of stroke: ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, and transient ischemic attacks. These are also called mini-strokes. In doing a nursing assessment, the first step is to assess. In this situation, the nurse should ask the patient, Mr. L if he is experiencing any pain, making sure to use a pain assessment scale. In continuing to ask open-ended questions, the nurse should obtain subjective and objective information from the patient as well as his wife that could help diagnoseRead MoreImplementing A Doctor Of Nursing Practice ( Dnp ) Project Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesproject, the researcher must properly evaluate every aspect of the project. There should be substantial evidence that the potential project is needed in clinical practice. A needs assessment identifies gaps between current and desired results (Kaufman Lopez, 2015). By conducting a needs assessment of the hypertension education program, the DNP student will be able to determine the essential requirements needed for the program to be successful. This paper will distinguish key stakeholders, describe

Definition and Examples of Hypallage

A figure of speech in which an adjective or participle (an epithet) grammatically qualifies a noun other than the person or thing it is actually describing is called hypallage. Hypallage is sometimes defined more broadly as the inversion or radical rearrangement of normal word order, an extreme type of anastrophe or hyperbaton. Examples and Observations: I lighted a thoughtful cigarette and, dismissing Archimedes for the nonce, allowed my mind to dwell once more on the ghastly jam into which I had been thrust by young Stiffys ill-advised behaviour.(P.G. Wodehouse, The Code of the Woosters, 1938)Winter kept us warm, coveringEarth in forgetful snow, feedingA little life with dried tubers.(T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land)anyone lived in a pretty how town(with up so floating many bells down)(E.E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town)There one goes, unsullied as yet, in his Pullman pride, toying--oh, boy!--with a blunderbuss bourbon, being smoked by a large cigar, riding out to the wide open spaces of the faces of his waiting audience.(Dylan Thomas, A Visit to America. Quite Early One Morning, 1968)[I]n short, tis of such a nature, as my father once told my Uncle Toby, upon the close of a long dissertation upon the subject: You can scarce, said he, combine two ideas together upon it, brother Toby, without an hypallage.--Whats that? crie d my uncle Toby.The cart before the horse, replied my father.(Laurence Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 1759-1767)Like enallage, hypallage is an apparent mistake. All changes of grammatical function are not valid cases of hypallage. Puttenham, who calls hypallage the changeling, points out that the user of this figure perverts meaning by shifting the application of words: . . . as he should say for . . . come dine with me and stay not, come stay with and me and dine not.The mistake becomes a figure by expressing a meaning, albeit an unexpected one. According to Guiraud (p. 197), The device is related to the aesthetics of vagueness; by suppressing the relationship of necessity between determined and determinant, it tends to liberate the latter.(Bernard Marie Dupriez and Albert W. Halsall, A Dictionary of Literary Devices. Univ. of Toronto Press, 1991) Shakespeares Use of Hypallage His coward lips did from their color fly.(Cassius in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Act 1, sc. 2)The eye of man hath not heard, the ear of man hath not seen, mans hand is not able to taste, his tongue to conceive, nor his heart to report, what my dream was.(Bottom in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, Act 4, sc. 1)The rhetorical figure Shakespeare uses here is hypallage, often described as the transferred epithet. His rudeness so with his authorized youth did livery falseness in a pride of truth. It is the rudeness that is authorized, not the youth; hypallage transfers the modifier (authorized) from object (rudeness) to subject (youth).(Lisa Freinkel, Reading Shakespeares Will. Columbia Univ. Press, 2002)

Ready To Learn. Education Is One Of The Most Important

Ready to Learn Education is one of the most important possessions someone can receive in a lifetime. A good education is the foundation to success. It is important to provide the youth with the essential skills and knowledge that will allow them to succeed throughout life’s many challenges. With this foundation of a good education an individual can truly achieve their dreams or goals. It is a teacher’s job to provide this education, by not only teaching their subject, but to develop critical thinking skills and how to apply the knowledge learned into everyday life. The subject is important, but the teacher should strive to get the students to apply the knowledge and make them think outside the box. Doing this allows for a deeper†¦show more content†¦Teachers should be active learners. They need to expand their knowledge of the subject and continue to be a student in their content area. This will help the teacher use real life examples and bring the material to life to the students. My experiences with adolescents have been primarily through umpiring baseball games. This was a great experience in teaching young adolescents how to play the game and interacting with them in a fun setting. This was great setting for teaching because they were all active in the event and participating where learning comes easy. I was able to guide them but not interfere in their learning of the game of baseball. Also I interacted with the coaches mentioning points to them that may want to improve on or work on in practice. The umpire is a position of authority and respect and great platform to instruct, but a majority of the time it is the umpires goal to not be seen and stay out of the spotlight. My practicum experience was much different, I interacted the students in more one on one sessions as I answered questions and helped them with the task they were assigned to do. This interaction shows that independently learning is great way to get a deeper under standing and with the guidance of the teacher to reinforce important ideas and answer questions. The practicum experience was a good place to reinforce my thoughts about academics and see them in action. The role of the teacher as previously touched upon is a facilitator andShow MoreRelatedLearning Systems And The Education System1228 Words   |  5 Pagesclassrooms. They would learn from and be educated by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to display they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improved. Different learning systems that were superior were invented for the purpose of improving the education of students. EveryRead MoreLearning Systems And The Education System1228 Words   |  5 Pagesclassrooms. They would learn from and be taught by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to show they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improved. Different learning systems that were better were invented for the purpose of improving the education of students. Every timeRead MoreAmerican Education Reform Paper : The Education System1232 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Education Reform Paper In the past, the learning system was non complex. Students invariably learned in classrooms. They would learn from and be educated by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to display they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improvedRead MoreFinland Education System Research Paper1135 Words   |  5 PagesFindland’s education system is a  well-known topic  in Latin America.  People talk about it everywhere. It is documented on the newspapers, social media, and television. Every year, the World Economic Forum releases its  Global Competitiveness Report  on the state of the worlds economies, and in 2016, Finland topped the list (World Economic Forum, 2016). The schools’ repeated successes in national education rankings suggest that there is something great and rule-breaking about this education system thatRead MoreAdult Learning Theory in Online Education Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesAdult Learning Theory in Online Education The developments of technology has changed the way which adult students may choose to obtain a college degree. Through the use of their computer, they may opt to attend an online only college or university. While it may not be apparent to the student, a lot of research has been conducted regarding the most effective way to teach adults and children based upon how they learn. An awareness in different teaching theories could make an adult student a betterRead MoreImportance Of Necessary Education1061 Words   |  5 Pagesuniversity to achieve the necessary education and degree they require to get a job or to build a career. Having a good career is one of the main reasons people spend their time in colleges or universities but there are other reasons as well. The current society and its educational structures are far different than they had been a century back when a self-educated person could gain a good career and parents could arrange private tutors to ensure their childrenâ₠¬â„¢s education. But in today’s world collegesRead MoreThe System Of Sex Education Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesSystem of Sex Education Abstinence education should be a part of sex education in schools because it is the best way to avoid the risks of unsafe sex. Children are only taught how to have sex, and they believe the pullout method is effective. Some children are not ready for sex, but they do it anyway because they are not told to wait. Abstinence should be taught as part of sex education because sexual transmitted disease, teen pregnancy, and abortion rates would decrease. Sex education in schoolsRead More My Teaching Philosophy Essay842 Words   |  4 Pageslevel, I still believe these â€Å"bad† children can be helped with the proper attention and care. I also believe that the nature of knowledge is neither relative nor absolute but a combination of both. There are some things that people learn only because they are taught. These things would include learning the Presidents of the U.S., the correct comma usage, a foreign language, etc. There are other things that children discover on their own or through the help of their peers. Things likeRead MoreShould College Be Free? Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesShould college be free? A current universal problem poses this question. In today’s world, full of public education standards that hold students maybe too high and in a generation bogged down by student debt, this issue qualifies as a problem more than many are maybe even willing to admit. While the prospect of free college proposes excellent ideals such as a stronger and smarter generation, no student loan problems, and a higher educated society, the truth may actually lie in the reality thatRead More My Philos ophy of Teaching Essay examples1245 Words   |  5 Pages Philosophy of Education Teachers, unlike any other professionals have the chance to shape and change young lives. For this reason, I believe that teaching is one of the noblest professions that one could choose. From the time I was a young boy and watching my father in his classroom I knew always wanted to be a teacher. It always seemed like the perfect career. A career in which I felt was best suited for me. One in which I would want to wake up earlier and earlier every morning

Public Health Issue Anti Vaccination - 1357 Words

Judith Cramer Public Health Professor Ebin Public Health Issue: Anti-Vaccination Sentiments In California a public health crisis has begun to arise. Parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children much more often then they have in the past years. According to â€Å"Plunge in Kindergartners Vaccination Rate Worries Health Officials,† an article written in the Los Angeles Times, â€Å"California parents are deciding against vaccinating their kindergarten-age children at twice the rate they did seven years ago, a fact public health experts said is contributing to the reemergence of measles across the state and may lead to outbreaks of other serious diseases.† According to the same article, â€Å"for measles and whooping cough [to be avoided], at least 92% of kids need to be immune.† That is to say, at least 92 percent of children need to have had their full immunization in order to avoid specific disease outbreaks such as measles and whooping cough. As the stereotype against immunizing children becomes more prevalent, children (even if they are compl etely immunized) are increasingly placed at risk. Vaccines are not effective in all cases; although the large majority of kids who receive a vaccine will develop immunity, some will not and are still susceptible to infection. Additionally, children who haven’t received full vaccinations are significantly more likely to contract various diseases than others who have. Once infected, these non-immunized children become carriers who willShow MoreRelatedThe Main Stakeholders Of Childhood Vaccination1543 Words   |  7 PagesSTAKEHOLDERS In this area of study related to Childhood Vaccination, we will discuss about the major and key stakeholders. These major stakeholders, those influencing and shaping the debate are; Government and Legislators (Policy Makers), Parents, NGO’s and Lobby Groups. We can also find some least influential stakeholders which do not have as such influence on this issue but they are the one who are most â€Å"affected by† group in term of the issue is concerned. These are New-Parents/Future Parents andRead MoreVaccination Of The Anti Vaccination Movement1324 Words   |  6 PagesVaccination can be defined as a process which most commonly involves, â€Å"the insertion of a special material, called a vaccine, into a person’s body, usually by means of a sharp needle.† (Chatterjee, 2013). This active form of immunisation prevents approximately 2.5 million deaths every year, and is said to be the most effective weapon ever developed for the prevention of serious infectio us diseases (Barnighausen, Bloom, Cafiero-Fonseca O’Brien, 2014; Chatterjee, 2013). The anti-vaccination movementRead MoreVaccines : The Anti Vaccine Movement1385 Words   |  6 PagesVaccines save lives; fear endangers them. Vaccinations have been used since the 18th century to cure various deadly diseases, from smallpox to the influenza virus. On a global level, vaccination is one of the few cost-effective medical measures that result in universal benefit. Yet there have always been those opposed to vaccinations because of possible side effects. With the increase in technology and the ability to share ideas in modern society the anti vaccine movement has flourished making theRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 Pagespeople to voice their thoughts on political and social issues, providing room for different perspectives. Unquestionably, media affects our life in nearly every ways. With a turn of a magazine page, a tune on a radio, or a flip of a T V channel, media somewhat plays a part in our life. Different media coverage can influence the audience interpretation as well as affect the information dissemination. Effective media coverage can lead to positive public viewpoint while poor media coverage can result in disinterestRead MoreGlobal Trend And The Issue Arising From Childhood Communicable Disease856 Words   |  4 Pagescommunicable disease. However, issue exists in the maintenance of immunization coverage. Anti-vaccers, which vary in their educational background, physical condition and financial situation, challenge the necessity, safety and tolerability of vaccination. Being affected by their personal perceptions and extrinsic influences, these people decide to delay the administration or refuse to vaccinate their children at all. This essay will discuss this contemporary global trend and the issue arising from it, includingRead MoreVaccinations Of The Smallpox Vaccine1687 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinations were firs t introduced in the late 18th century by Edward Jenner. He injected a small amount of cowpox in a thirteen year-old boy to demonstrate the effectiveness it had against smallpox, resulting in the development of the first smallpox vaccine in 1798. Because of his discovery, Jenner contributed to the overall annihilation of the disease in 1979 after the vaccine was implemented in different medicines throughout the world (source). Following Jenner, many others produced vaccines toRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccination1414 Words   |  6 PagesDisease Control (CDC) describes vaccination as being one of the ten greatest achievements in public health of the 20th century (CDC 1999) Despite this regard, speculation regarding the matter of vaccines has been around for nearly the entirety of their existence (Wolfe 2002). In his book, Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All, Author Paul Offit does well in informing readers of the ongoing debate regarding the safety and im plementation of vaccinations. Offit begins his book byRead MoreVaccination Of Smallpox And The Elimination Of Various Infectious Diseases1464 Words   |  6 Pagesachievements of public health is that of vaccinations (Dubà © et al., 2013). Since the first vaccine was administered over 200 years ago, immunizations have saved millions of lives worldwide (Larson, Leask, Aggett, Sevdalis, Thomson, 2013). They have contributed to the decline in the morbidity and mortality of various infectious diseases and are credited with the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of poliomyelitis in the Americas (Dubà © et al., 2013). According to many public health expertsRead MoreThe Anti Vaccination Movement :1300 Words   |  6 Pages MSM Critical Thinking Problem Solving GEN 1113 19 March 2016 The Anti-Vaccination Movement Step one: The current issue I have selected to discuss is vaccinations. In particular, I will be addressing the anti-vaccination movement that has gained popularity in recent years and the contributing biases that influenced its emergence. One event stands out at as a major contributing factor to the growth of the anti-vaccination movement, the 1998 study by Andrew Wakefield that was published by theRead MoreThe Vs. Anti Vaccinators1615 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinators VS. Anti-Vaccinators With the movement leaning towards being healthy and avoiding putting chemicals into our body another controversy decision is being discussed among parents, to vaccinate your children or to not vaccinate them. Anti-vaccination movements have been happening since vaccines were created, but it has been picking up momentum again over the last decade. Vaccines began with the creation of the smallpox vaccine in the early 1800s after Edward Jenner’s experiments with cowpox

Effects of poverty free essay sample

The Effects Of Poverty , WRIT 300 October 15, 2012 Poverty is an enigma that seems to plague each corner of the United States. No matter how rich how stabilize or how strong our country may claim it is poverty lurks in shadow of all places on this earth and in it’s silhouette the opprobrious effects. The three scholarly articles I summarized connect the dots on how poverty impacts the United States economically; and socially. The first articles I summarized Haiyun Zhao, Zhilan Feng, Carlos Castillo-havez, (2008) conducted an study that examines the effects that poverty has on our society economically, and the effects it has on children growing up in poor areas. Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) starts out by shedding light on the financial and social burden poverty is to the United States. Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) states that poverty cost about 4% a year of the GDP. In their attempt to estimate the cost of poverty in America Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) perform a study on children in poverty stricken areas. The study looks at how the children behave, while living in the areas and how it plays out in their actions as adults. Subsequently, leading to the determination of rather there is a correlation between poverty and the economy. Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) go into another study that displays statistical correlations between how the difference of environment, meaning poor class or rich class contributed to large disparities in test scores, along with differences in physical aggression between the children from both classes. From this Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) conclude that those who score poor are more likely to becoming adolescent parents, become unemployed and become criminals. Moving on, Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) begin the next section by saying a family economic status greatly effects the quality of school the child attends, the emotional well being of child, parenting the child receives, and resources the child has access, which all affect actions that the child makes as an adult. For instance, Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) continue their article by breaking down how they estimate the actual cost; they say that the earning loss associated with poverty can be counted as an output loss for the United States economy. The following section focuses on loss earnings, childhood poverty impacts, adult crime and poor health. For example, Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) state that the low test scores and poor education is in the category as loss earnings. Concluding this part of the article Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) say that there is still debate on whether or not household income has an impact on the United States, but that children growing up in poverty stricken areas have to deal with certain factors like school, productivity, behavior, individual skills and overall outcomes these children have to face in life. Switching topics, this part of the article focuses on the cost of childhood poverty, crime and poor health. It is broken down into two sections, the first being childhood poverty’s impacts on crime and health among adults. Sections begin with the fact that children living in poverty are 1. 3 times more likely to be involved in serious criminal offenses compared to children not maintaining a space in poverty stricken areas. Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) back up this statement by citing a well know sociologist Cohen. Thus, who performed a study that demonstrated the more likelihood of a violent crime being committed by someone living in poor conditions, Cohen concludes that 20 percent of crime occurs due to poverty. From there they go on to state what the annual cost of crime associated with poverty is estimated to be which comes out to be roughly 2 trillion a year and 1. 3 that is derived from street crime. Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) finish the section by showing startling facts that poverty cost the United States 700 billion a year and that this figure is most likely under the real cost of poverty. The second part of their last section puts emphasis on childhood poverty health and how it also affects the economy. Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) finds a study that proves poverty raises the health care bill by 22 billion a year. For this reason, they combine this finding with the others such as foregone earnings, crime, and health which concluded that people living in poverty cost America an astonishing 38 percent of the GDP. Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) ends their research by stating that the estimations of poverties effects and cost are understated and most likely are more severe and costly. This article brought up important points and backed them up with facts; however I do think they could have done a better job on breaking down the cost structure, for the 700 billion figure given. The work done by Zhao, Feng, Havez (2008) detailed some of the effects of poverty. However, there should have been more emphasis on the social impacts of poverty. This is where Mulia and Zemore (2012) excel at. Mulia and Zemore (2012) reviewed and discussed social adversity; drugs and how it impacts people living in poor areas. Mulia and Zemore (2012) talks about how people living in low income areas are affected by more situations, oppose to others in high income areas. In particular, Mulia and Zemore (2012) lean towards the theory of social strain, which points to poverty being the reason for drug abuse among other crimes. Comparing Mulia and Zemore (2012) work to Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) the article picks up the improves where the previous lacked at by providing a theory that supports their study, of overall affects of poverty. The theory states that the strain of being in poverty produces more social hurdles in the path of the inhabitants, which in turn makes them more susceptible to drug abuse and criminality. Some problems Mulia and Zemore (2012) focus on were Alcoholisms and how because of poverty the people are more likely to overindulge, oppose to people living above the Federal poverty line. In a study done by Mulia and Zemore (2012) they found that 48% percent of people living below federal poverty limit suffer from alcohol dependence, oppose to middle class or those above the poverty limit. In addition, Mulia and Zemore (2012) state that the results display the difference of alcoholism between the two classes exposes the effect namely, stress from poverty that brings the residents to drug abuse. It concludes by stating people of poor financial class are more vulnerable to drug dependency, such as alcoholism as an result of being exposed to poverty and having to maneuver pass more adversities. The last article by Yoshikawa, Aber, Beardslee, (2012) compliments the work done by both previous articles, while illumining new angles to examine the effects of poverty. Yoshikawa, Aber, Beardslee, (2012) zero in on how poverty can affect the mental, behavioral health and emotional health of youths. Yoshikawa, Aber, Beardslee, (2012) talks about all the different dynamics of how poverty affects each one of these categories. Yoshikawa, Aber, Beardslee, (2012) begin by defining what poverty is and how they are going measure the effects of poverty in context to the emotional, mental, and behavioral health. Hence, they further their research by, explaining the dynamics of the selection process of becoming poor and how it directly relates to the children. As a result, Yoshikawa, Aber, Beardslee, (2012) incorporate facts on how the family living in poor areas can affect the child emotional, mental, and behavior state. In comparison, poverty being an major impact on children’s emotional, mental, and behavior state cosigns the work done Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) in the context of how children’s cognitive abilities was affected depending on weather they lived in poverty stricken areas, or in a higher social class. Yoshikawa, Aber, Beardslee, (2012) delve a little deeper with the study mainly talking about how understanding the effects of poverty is key to coming up with prevention tactics to combat poverty. Ending their study, Yoshikawa, Aber, Beardslee, (2012) explains in great detail how poverty occurs as well as effects then makes solutions to alleviate poverty. In conclusion, I found that all the articles presented in this paper were very relevant when trying to explain the effects of poverty. For example, Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) start out by breaking down the effects of poverty on the economy, from their Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) move to the effects it has on children growing up in poor areas. The article that followed done by Mulia and Zemore (2012) combo’s with the first article by picking up where Zhao, Feng, Havez, (2008) lacked at. For instance, talking more in-depth about the social adversities that poverty leads to and how it makes people living in poor condition more open to drug abuse. The last article weaves everything together by extending the talk of how poverty affects children as well as the households they live in. In sum, all three articles showed great details in there reviews, as well as building off each other in areas hit and missed. Furthermore the articles all accomplished their goals, which was to explain the many effects of poverty. References â€Å"Haiyun Zhao, Zhilan Feng, Carlos Castillo-havez, (2008), The Dynamics Of Poverty and Crime, 225-235† â€Å"Mulia, N. , Zemore, S. E. (2012). Social Adversity, Stress, and Alcohol Problems: Are Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Poor More Vulnerable?. Journal Of Studies On Alcohol Drugs, 73(4), 570-580. † â€Å"Yoshikawa, H. , Aber, J. , Beardslee, W. R. (2012). The Effects of Poverty on the Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Health of Children and Youth. American Psychologist, 67(4), 272-284. doi:10. 1037/a0028015†

MNC Strategy Cross Cultural Management

Question: Discuss about the MNC Strategy for Cross Cultural Management. Answer: Introduction The culture of each land is different to others. However, in the days of Globalization, the people and businesses are going to places in search for new markets and thus have to accommodate with the market structure, employment norms and culture in the part in which it is serving. Such cultural difference has been bridged by various methods like training and development to understand multicultural working atmosphere along with learning for the business itself to venture out in a new land for further opportunity. Hence, the cultural aspect of MNCs (Multi-National Corporations) is an important aspect of their survival and development in a different culture than that they have encountered at home or in other markets (Ashcroft ad Ingram, 2012). Cultural Dimensions Culture or belief systems of a group of people is generated by a group of individuals who have the traits of a nation or society that have varieties of differences with other cultures which may be conflicting and disruptive for the business. Hence, the business from its start has to be such that it accommodates each kind of people in the business by merit to be part of the business and contribute towards its multicultural dimensions so that the business gets an upper hand on cultural issues (Cultural Adaption, 2012). The nations build around the globe have its history and taboos which the business is entering the market has to analyze and make strategies by it. The MNCs that have a multicultural dimension of staffing in its folds may find a better grip in the new market since the business has to cater to the needs ensuring no cultural boycott from the market in a particular economy (Barner-Rasmussen et al., 2014). In the same way the observation of (Graen and Hui, 1996) suggests that the global business faces the most competitive challenge from the cross-cultural business partners due to lack of cultural understanding. The culture allows the people interact with various other groups to bring peace to the region and understand the people and market needs for the best outcome for the business in the new market that they have barked upon. As an example, it is said that Pork meat is banned in the Islamic state so people working and selling food can't be allowed in such a culture (Kotabe and Aulakh, 2012). This may topple the balance of power in the new state of business where the brand is growing in a new market with other competitions. These observations noted by the management gurus snuggling to find out the right combination of the cultural mix so that the MNC business can establish and thus grow in such a situation (Tamu.edu, 2016). Therefore, the context of culture is important for MNCs which wish to go abroad in the days of globalization. The Asian culture doesnt represent all qualities that a MNC from US would expect to have for their business abroad. The way the business settles these gaps are of immense importance to the business partners to work in a coherent manner in a different cultural set up. Further the does and don'ts, use of technology, skills required, days of the festival along with the bulk that it can produce and sell in the market are very varied. A detailed study of all these aspects has to be done if the business wants to settle in culture, foreign to its origin so that they may take the needed steps with confidence to be developing in that new market (Zhao et al, 2014). The Difference of MNC to A Single Nation Culture The understanding of the cultural variances and elements of one culture being different from other is an important step for a business to go multinational. The differences of culture show the dimensions like masculinity, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individual /collectivism are important aspects of any cultural dimensions of a region or nation. In such a condition the elements of cultural co-existence become impossible if the business does not keep these into account (Schneider, 2011). The family ties in some nation outdo the skills or competence of an individual but rather gives preference to one with a certain family background or tradition. Therefore for a business to gap multinational this aspect of that nation which is in the view of the MNC to expand plays a major role. Multinational businesses should tailor their operations around cultural norms of each country to be able to stay and thus grow in such nations (Ghemawat and Reiche, 2014). Understanding these elements and thus training the group of people that the business wish to employ in a foreign land has to be given the needed training to conduct the expansion with efficiency. The people from a different culture can pick up the better of one culture for their advantage in the place they are present in and it may show positive results. This makes the business multinational much more prominently over the cultural aspects of a business settled in a different nation from its home soil. The mix of various cultures makes the business truly global in its approach and content. The unification of the team as one needs a great effort regarding training and development, cultural competence development and thus gives it the efficiency that the business objectives have prepared for its growth and plans for expansion (Ashcroft and Ingham, 2012). The laws of working can be amended with the cultural needs, but the effort remains to make the systems such that the integration, as w ell as productivity of the business, sees a positive leap forward. This can also be described as uniting the employees irrespective of the cultural differences by an MNC towards a unified mission for its future benefits (Gooderham et al, 2013). The Elements of Culture for an MNC The elements of culture for a new business or MNCs in a new land can be best expressed with a PESTEL analysis of the external market to reach to an answer. It stands for Political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects of the land that the business wishes to migrate in. These elements have its dimension which the business has to adhere to if it wishes to prosper in the new land with its set of norms culturally. The MNC before entering a particular market has to make arrangements like understanding the laws of the land, political stability, social dynamics, and concern for the environment of the people associated with it along with the technology that can be adapted to a particular market (Matusitz and Minei, 2011). All these makes the attributes or the cultural need of the place great and inviting for the people associated with it to be aware of the laws of the land and the peoples attributes of that place they are working in. The issues about go Multinatio nal needs the application of studies about the PESTEL is as below. Political: The people in legislationare determine the policies and politics of a land. The laws of the land are hugely as well as the stability of the business future is dependent on the politics of the nation that the business is venturing into. Therefore the business of a state like the US may find it difficult to work in the conditions where China is involved. The authoritarian regime of the communist state to democracy may have to be well balanced so that the businesses from both the nations feel well accommodated and comfortable with the Political aspect of the land they are venturing into (Chini and Ambos, 2011). Environmental: The business which produces a huge amount of toxic wastes or carbon in the atmosphere is not well taken by the ever growing demand of pollution free atmosphere by a large section of the global community. They find it intolerable to see huge carbon footprints being generated and is destroying the natural balance. For a business that wishes goes overseas the issues about the environment has to be taken care of if they want to do business in a multinational atmosphere to be more competent with the environmental laws and public consideration of its activities to be stable in that new market. Hence technologies of rectification of waste generation and carbon footprint reduction should be a priority when it goes multinational (Li, 2011). Social: This is the most significant perspective of the discussion where the social and cultural aspect of the land plays a huge role in making these decisions of how to deal with manpower for an MNC. The power distance of Japan and US is different. Likewise, the masculinity of the Middle Eastern nations are different to the UK businesses and so on (Golan et al, 2009). Thus a business when plans to expand over a wide space would undertake the efforts to make it possible to be in tuned with the culture of a land before they invest or sought for a business expansion in such lands with various cultural and social aspects in mind. The social development is another aspect which the nation in which the business is operating wish to see from the business (Helin and Sandstrm, 2013). The business has to plan its manpower strategies, hierarchy as well as gender ratio in a manner that suits the cultural norms of that land. This also determines the individualism or collectivism in the aspects of operations to suit the business interest the best (Cullen and Parboteeah, 2010). Technological: The aspect of technology is important for the business to keep an edge over other competing businesses. This also helps in making the right arrangement for skill development initiatives and adoption of new from old ways. This is a cost saving instrument which also can bring out the best quality at the lowest cost in a constant flow. Therefore, the MNC to expand has to take up cultural dimensions to initiate the training and skill development program which would make the new venture in a nation outside its home as competent and effective as it is at home. It also has to be recognized that technology is the key for best output in the minimum time with constant quality, so the cultural adoption of such technology has made the gaps between the MNC's growth to its cultural barriers in the foreign soil (Godiwalla and Bronson, 2015). Economical: The different culture of nations outside the business has its way of life and economy. The MNC in the nation has to be such that it aids in the economic development of the mass and stakeholders of the business in those lands at par with the home business. This gives the business a great opportunity to grow and prosper along with the culture that they are in. This is a mutual benefit approach (Li, 2010). Legal: The legalities of each land is formulated by the legislature of the nation which includes the tax laws, employment laws, laws of environment change along with wages a matter of concern for the business which wishes to go multinational. Therefore, the opportunity of the business along with the additions or negations that a business has to do to implement the legal framework in the nation that it is working in to be a better among the other businesses present (Wu et al, 2008). Conclusions The cultural differences may cause some difficulties along with some positive attribute for the best efficiency of the MNC. Therefore, businesses which have multiple cultural aspects present along with the elasticity to pick up and use them to unify the people in a MNC under a singular culture of work that have all aspects of various culture integrated, gives the best output. This gives the people a feel of their own culture being given a space in the working which makes the MNC efficient to produce the best of results in various economies to establish as a successful MNC. Such an atmosphere makes people to integrate and be part of the business faster and let the business cross boundaries with such attributes. Hence the study of the culture for an MNC is important in each step for the formulation of policies of sales, operations and manufacturing as per the laws of the land. References Ashcroft, B. and Ingham, K. (2012). Company adaptation and the response to regional policy: A comparative analysis of MNC subsidiaries and indigenous companies.Regional Studies, 13(1), pp.25-37. Barner-Rasmussen, W., Ehrnrooth, M., Koveshnikov, A. and Mkel, K. (2014). Cultural and language skills as resources for boundary spanning within the MNC.Journal of International Business Studies, 45(7), pp.886-905. Chini, T. and Ambos, B. (2011). Capabilities, cultural distance and the effectiveness of knowledge flows within the mnc.Academy of Management Proceedings, 2005(1), pp.J1-J6. Cullen, J. and Parboteeah, P. (2010).International business. New York: Routledge. Cultural Adaptation. (2012).Science, 290(5498), pp.1853m-1853. Ghemawat, P. and Reiche, S. (2014).National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business. [online] Aacsb.edu. Available at: https://www.aacsb.edu/~/media/AACSB/Publications/CDs%20and%20DVDs/GLOBE/readings/national-cultural-differences-and-multinational-business.ashx [Accessed 18 Aug. 2016]. Godiwalla, Y. and Bronson, J. (2015). Cross Cultural Negotiations for Greater MNC Competitiveness.Applied Economics and Finance, 2(4). Golan, G., Johnson, T. and Wanta, W. (2009).International communication in a global age. London: Routledge. Gooderham, P., Grgaard, B. and Nordhaug, O. (2013).International Management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Graen, G. and Hui, C. 1996, "Managing changes in globalizing business: how to manage cross-cultural business partners", Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 62-72 Helin, S. and Sandstrm, J. (2013). Codes, Ethics and Cross-Cultural Differences: Stories from the Implementation of a Corporate Code of Ethics in a MNC Subsidiary.J Bus Ethics, 82(2), pp.281-291. Kotabe, M. and Aulakh, P. (2012).Emerging issues in international business research. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar. Li, L. (2010).A framework for analysing the relationship between human resource management-corporate strategy (HRM-CS) integration and the design of cross-cultural training programmes for managers in multinational corporations (MNC). Wagga Wagga: School of Commerce, CSU. Li, T. (2011).Reviving traditions in research on international market entry. Amsterdam: JAI. Matusitz, J. and Minei, E. (2011). Cultural Adaptation of an MNC in Mexico: A Success Story.Transit Stud Rev, 18(2), pp.418-429. Schneider, L. (2011). What is the best way to improve cultural integration in a MNC?.Strategic HR Review, 11(1). Tamu.edu. (2016).Culture. [online] Available at: https://www.tamu.edu/faculty/choudhury/mnc.htm [Accessed 18 Aug. 2016]. Wu, C., Lawler, J. and Yi, X. (2008). Overt employment discrimination in MNC affiliates: home-country cultural and institutional effects.Journal of International Business Studies, 39(5), pp.772-794. Zhao, M., Park, S. and Zhou, N. (2014). MNC strategy and social adaptation in emerging markets.Journal of International Business Studies, 45(7), pp.842-861.